Uzeyir Hajibeyli is one of the most prominent figures in Azerbaijani music history. Composer, conductor, musicologist, and public figure – his contribution to Azerbaijani culture and society is invaluable. The first classical opera in the East “Leyli and Majnun”, an orchestra of folk instruments, Azerbaijani classical choir, and the establishment of Azerbaijani secondary music school are among many of his achievements. Thanks to his efforts, even in the most remote villages, oral folklore was translated into notation, which laid the foundation for the academic study of Azerbaijani folklore. His comprehension of classical music following secular education, as well as profound knowledge of centuries-old Azerbaijani folk genre mugham shaped his unique, one-of-a-kind musical compositions. Hajibeyli presented the results of his research into national musical folklore in a comprehensive theoretical study titled “Basics of Azerbaijani Folk Music”. He headed the Musical Technical College and then took over the Baku Conservatory. «… Hajibeyli spent his whole life devoted to the development of Azerbaijani Soviet musical culture. … He laid the foundation of the Azerbaijani opera art for the first time in the republic and organized music education. He contributed a lot of work to the development of symphony music» -D. Shostakovich. Born on September 18th, 1885 in Agjabedi, and later moved to Shusha, which is called the Caucasus Conservatory, Uzeyir was greatly influenced by Khurshid Banu Natavan, the Azerbaijani lyric poet, called “the princess of Karabakh”, as she was the daughter of the last ruler of Karabakh khanate. Young Uzeyir received a secular education in a madrasah and a two-year Russian-Tatar school. The Hajibeyov family, known for their musical talent, aimed to provide him with a well-rounded education – he studied both Persian and Arabic. His formation as a musician was deeply influenced by Shusha, the musical cradle of Karabakh. He soon entered the Transcaucasian Teacher’s Seminary in Gori established by the Russian Empire. Hajibeyli’s worldview was greatly influenced by his years of study at the seminary, where he gained knowledge of classical works from Russia and Europe, learned to play the violin, and recorded folk music samples on notes. Creative and pedagogical intelligentsia formed his progressive views. He worked as a correspondent and was appointed as a teacher in Hadrut village in Karabakh, but was forced to leave due to the religious outrages against Muslims in the area. That’s how he came to Baku. The First Russian Revolution and other public political events had a significant impact on young Uzeyir. It was then that he focused mainly on musical creativity. At one point, he came up with an ambitious idea to create an opera based on Mugham art. Thus, January 25, 1908 is considered the birthday of the first Azerbaijani opera and the first opera in the Muslim East. The storyline was based on a poem by Fizuli «Leyli and Madjnun». The use of mugham aspects in the opera was outstanding for such a young composer. With the help of friends and passionate enthusiasts of his native art, Hajibeyli staged the first opera in Baku. “When writing the opera, as the author, I knew only the fundamentals of solfeggio and did not know harmony, counterpoint, or musical forms. The success of «Leyli and Madjnoun» was remarkable, though. My understanding is that the Azerbaijani people have been anticipating the debut of their Azerbaijani opera on stage, and in «Leyli and Madjnoun», there was a synergy of genuine folk music and a popular classic plot.” The premiere was held at the H.Z. Taghiyev Theatre. The first Azerbaijani mugham opera became both the first opera in the Middle East and the first opera in the Muslim world. “It should be noted that the first Azerbaijani opera was based on «Leyli and Madjnoun» poem by Fizuli, whose poetry the composer nurtured a great love for, which is manifested in other works. I believe that Uzeyir’s contribution to Azerbaijani music development is comparable, to the impact of the founders of the Azerbaijani literary language in the development of national literature.” -F.Amirov The success of the first opera prompted Hajibeyli to continue his work vigorously. Over the next five years, he created three musical comedies: «Husband and Wife» (1909), «If not that one then this one» (1910), «Arshin Mal Alan» (1913), and five mugham operas: «Sheikh Sanan» (1909), «Rustam and Zohrab», 1910), «Shah Abbas and Khuru (1912). Getting closer to the aesthetic and artistic tastes of the people, he also strongly criticized patriarchal practices and social backwardness, highlighting issues such as women’s freedom of thought and rights. Thanks to his support, the first Azerbaijani female opera singer Shovkat Mammadova was able to perform Italian compositions in the same theater of Z.Hajiyev, as well as many other young talents whom he discovered. The application of the achievements of significant European professional composers in the national musical culture, the introduction of new types of performances, the system of musical education, and the emergence of scientific and aesthetic views, all relate to the name of Uzeyir Hajibeyli. In 1959, Shusha witnessed the opening of the composer’s house museum, which is now being reconstructed following the liberation of Karabakh and the restoration of all Azerbaijani cultural heritage destroyed during years of occupation. Today the house-museum of the great composer can also be visited in Baku, at Azizbekov 67/69 street.
